商品编号


E-AGLAN



品牌


Megazyme



公司


Megazyme



公司分类


Enzymes



Size

2,000 Units

商品信息

High purity α-Galactosidase (
Aspergillus niger
) for use in research, biochemical enzyme assays and
in vitro
diagnostic analysis.

EC 3.2.1.22
CAZy Family: GH36
CAS:
9025-35-8

alpha-galactosidase; alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase

Highly purified. From
Aspergillus niger
.?
In 3.2 M ammonium sulphate.
Supplied at ~ 1000 U/mL.?

Specific activity
:
~ 600 U/mg (40
o
C, pH 4.5 on?
p
-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside).

St
ABI
lity
:
?> 4 years at 4
o
C.



α-D-galactosidase activity and galactomannan and galactosylsucrose oligosaccharide depletion in germinating legume seeds.

McCleary, B. V. & Matheson, N. K. (1974).
Phytochemistry
, 13(9), 1747-1757.


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Read Abstract

Germinating seeds of lucerne, guar, carob and soybean initially depleted raffinose series oligosaccharides and then galactomannan. This depletion was accompanied by a rapid increase and then a decrease in α-galactosidase levels. Lucerne and guar contained two α-galactosidase activities, carob three and soybean four. One of these in each plant, from its location in the endosperm, time of appearance and kinetic behaviour, appeared to be primarily involved in galactomannan hydrolysis. This enzyme in lucerne had MW of 23 000 and could not be separated from β-mannanase by (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
fractionation, DEAE, CM or SE-cellulose chromatography or gel filtration, but only by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In guar, carob and soybean, it could be separated by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. In lucerne, carob and guar most of the total increase in activity was due to this enzyme. The other α-galactosidases had MWs of about 35 000 and could be separated from β-mannanase by dissection, ion exchange cellulose chromatography and gel filtration. They were located in the cotyledon-embryo and appeared to be primarily involved in galactosylsucrose oligosaccharide hydrolysis.





Galactomannan structure and β-mannanase and β-mannosidase activity in germinating legume seeds.

McCleary, B. V. & Matheson, N. K. (1975).
Phytochemistry
, 14(5-6), 1187-1194.


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Read Abstract

Structural changes in galactomannan on germination of lucerne, carob, honey locust, guar and soybean seeds, as measured by viscosity, elution volumes on gel filtration and ultra-centrifugation were slight consistent with a rapid and complete hydrolysis of a molecule once hydrolysis of the mannan chain starts. β-Mannanase activity increased and then decreased, paralleling galactomannan depletion. Multiple forms of β-mannanase were isolated and these were located in the endosperm. β-Mannanase had limited
ABI
lity to hydrolyse galactomannans with high galactose contents. Seeds containing these galactomannans had very active α-galactosidases. β-Mannosidases were present in both endosperm and cotyledon-embryo and could be separated chromatographically. The level of activity was just sufficient to account for mannose production from manno-oligosaccharides.





Galactomannans and a galactoglucomannan in legume seed endosperms: Structural requirements for β-mannanase hydrolysis.

McCleary, B. V., Matheson, N. K. & Small, D. B. (1976).
Phytochemistry
, 15(7), 1111-1117.


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A series of galactomannans with varying degrees of galactose substitution have been extracted from the endosperms of legume seeds with water and alkali and the amount of substitution required for water solubility has been determined. Some were heterogeneous with respect to the degree of galactose substitution. The structural requirements for hydrolysis by plant β-mannanase have been studied using the relative rates and extents of hydrolysis of these galactomannans. A more detailed examination of the products of hydrolysis of carob galactomannan has been made. At least two contiguous anhydromannose units appear to be needed for scission. This is similar to the requirement for hydrolysis by microbial enzymes. Judas tree (
Cercis siliquastrum
) endosperm contained a polysaccharide with a unique composition for a legume seed reserve. Gel chromatography and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate indicated homogeneity. Hydrolysis with a mixture of β-mannanase and α-galactosidase gave a glucose-mannose disaccharide and acetolysis gave a galactose-mannose. These results, as well as the pattern of hydrolysis by β-mannanase were consistent with a galactoglucomannan structure.





Modes of action of β-mannanase enzymes of diverse origin on legume seed galactomannans.

McCleary, B. V. (1979).
Phytochemistry
, 18(5), 757-763.


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β-Mannanase activities in the commercial enzyme preparations Driselase and Cellulase, in culture solutions of
Bacillus subtilis
(TX1), in commercial snail gut (
Helix pomatia
) preparations and in germinated seeds of lucerne,
Leucaena leucocephala
and honey locust, have been purified by substrate affinity chromatography on glucomannan-AH-Sepharose. On isoelectric focusing, multiple protein bands were found, all of which had β-mannanase activity. Each preparation appeared as a single major band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymes varied in their final specific activities,
Km
values, optimal pH, isoelectric points and pH and temperature st
ABI
lities but had similar MWs. The enzymes have different
ABI
lities to hydrolyse galactomannans which are highly substituted with galactose. The preparations Driselase and Cellulase contain β-mannanases which can attack highly substituted galactomannans at points of single unsubstituted D-mannosyl residues if the D-galactose residues in the vicinity of the bond to be hydrolysed are all on only one side of the main chain.





An enzymic technique for the quantitation of galactomannan in guar Seeds.

McCleary, B. V. (1981).
Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft & Technologie
, 14, 56-59.


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An enzymic technique has been developed for the rapid and accurate quantitation of the galactomannan content of guar seeds and milling fractions. The technique involves the measurement of the galactose component of galactomannans using galactose dehydrogenase. The galactomannans are converted to galactose and manno-oligosaccharides using partially purified enzymes from a commercial preparation and from germinated guar seeds. Simple procedures have been devised for the preparation of these enzymes. Application of the technique to a number of guar varieties gave values for the galactomannan content ranging from 22.7 to 30.8% of seed weight.





Purification and properties of a β-D-mannoside mannohydrolase from guar.

McCleary, B. V. (1982),
Carbohydrate Research
, 101(1), 75-92.


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A β-D-mannoside mannohydrolase enzyme has been purified to homogeneity from germinated guar-seeds. Difficulties associated with the extraction and purification appeared to be due to an interaction of the enzyme with other protein material. The purified enzyme hydrolysed various natural and synthetic substrates, including β-D-manno-oligosaccharides and reduced β-D-manno-oligosaccharides of degree of polymerisation 2 to 6, as well as
p
-nitrophenyl, naphthyl, and methylumbelliferyl β-D-mannopyranosides. The preferred, natural substrate was β-D-mannopentaose, which was hydrolysed at twice the rate of β-D-mannotetraose and five times the rate of β-D-mannotriose. This result, together with the observation that α-D-mannose is released on hydrolysis, indicates that the enzyme is an exo-β-D-mannanase.





Preparative–scale isolation and characterisation of 6
1
-α-D-galactosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannobiose and 6
2
-α-D-galactosyl-(1→4)-β-D-mannobiose.

McCleary, B. V., Taravel, F. R. & Cheetham, N. W. H. (1982).
Carbohydrate Research
, 104(2), 285-297.


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Read Abstract

N.m.r., enzymic, and chemical techniques have been used to characterise the D-galactose-containing tri- and tetra-saccharides produced on hydrolysis of carob and
L. leucocephala
D-galacto-D-mannans by Driselase β-D-mannanase. These oligosaccharides were shown to be exclusively 6
1
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannobiose and 6
1
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannotriose. Fur
Thermo
re, these were the only D-galactose-containing tri- and tetra-saccharides produced on hydrolysis of carob D-galacto-D-mannan by β-D-mannanases from other sources, including
Bacillus subtilis
,
Aspergillus niger
,
Helix pomatia
gut solution, and germinated legumes. Acid hydrolysis of lucerne galactomannan yielded 6
1
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannobiose and 6
2
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannobiose.





β-D-mannosidase from
Helix pomatia
.

McCleary, B. V. (1983).
Carbohydrate Research
, 111(2), 297-310.


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β-D-Mannosidase (β-D-mannoside mannohydrolase EC 3.2.1.25) was purified 160-fold from crude gut-solution of
Helix pomatia
by three chromatographic steps and then gave a single protein band (mol. wt. 94,000) on SDS-gel electrophoresis, and three protein bands (of almost identical isoelectric points) on thin-layer iso-electric focusing. Each of these protein bands had enzyme activity. The specific activity of the purified enzyme on
p
-nitrophenyl β-D-mannopyranoside was 1694 nkat/mg at 40° and it was devoid of α-D-mannosidase, β-D-galactosidase, 2-acet-amido-2-deoxy-D-glucosidase, (1→4)-β-D-mannanase, and (1→4)-β-D-glucanase activities, almost devoid of α-D-galactosidase activity, and contaminated with <0.02% of="" β-d-glucosidase="" activity.="" the="" purified="" enzyme="" had="" the="" same="">0.02%>
K
m
for borohydride-reduced β-D-manno-oligosaccharides of d.p. 3-5 (12.5mM). The initial rate of hydrolysis of (1→4)-linked β-D-manno-oligosaccharides of d.p. 2-5 and of reduced β-D-manno-oligosaccharides of d.p. 3-5 was the same, and
o
-nitrophenyl, methylumbelliferyl, and naphthyl β-D-mannopyranosides were re
ADI
ly hydrolysed. β-D-Mannobiose was hydrolysed at a rate ~25 times that of 6
1
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannobiose and 6
3
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannotetraose, and at ~90 times the rate for β-D-mannobi-itol.





Enzymic interactions in the hydrolysis of galactomannan in germinating guar: The role of exo-β-mannanase.

McCleary, B. V. (1983).
Phytochemistry
, 22(3), 649-658.


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Hydrolysis of galactomannan in endosperms of germinating guar is due to the combined action of three enzymes, α-galactosidase, β-mannanase and exo-β-mannanase. α-Galactosidase and exo-β-mannanase activities occur both in endosperm and cotyledon tissue but β-mannanase occurs only in endosperms. On seed germination, β-mannanase and endospermic α-galactosidase are synthesized and activity changes parallel galactomannan degradation. Galactomannan degradation and synthesis of these two enzymes are inhibited by cycloheximide. In contrast, endospermic exo-β-mannanase is not synthesized on seed germination, but rather is already present throughout endosperm tissue. It has no action on native galactomannan. α-Galactosidase, β-mannanase and exo-β-mannanase have been purified to homogeneity and their separate and combined action in the hydrolysis of galactomannan and effect on the rate of uptake of carbohydrate by cotyledons, studied. Results obtained indicated that these three activities are sufficient to account for galactomannan degradation
in vivo
and, further, that all three are required. Cotyledons contain an active exo-β-mannanase and sugar-uptake experiments have shown that cotyledons can absorb mannobiose intact, indicating that this enzyme is involved in the complete degradation of galactomannan on seed germination.





Characterisation of the oligosaccharides produced on hydrolysis of galactomannan with β-D-mannase.

McCleary, B. V., Nurthen, E., Taravel, F. R. & Joseleau, J. P. (1983).
Carbohydrate Research
, 118, 91-109.


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Treatment of hot-water-soluble carob galactomannan with β-D-mannanases from
A. niger
or lucerne seed affords an array of D-galactose-containing β-D-mannosaccharides as well as β-D-manno-biose, -triose, and -tetraose (lucerne-seed enzyme only). The D-galactose-containing β-D-mannosaccharides of d.p. 3–9 produced by
A. niger
β-D-mannanase have been characterised, using enzymic, n.m.r., and chemical techniques, as 6
1
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannobiose, 6
1
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannotriose, 6
3
,6
4
-di-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannopentaose (the only heptasaccharide), and 6
3
,6
4
-di-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannohexaose, 6
4
,6
5
-di-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannohexaose, and 6
1
, 6
3
,6
4
-tri-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannopentaose (the only octasaccharides). Four nonasaccharides have also been characterised. Penta- and hexa-saccharides were absent. Lucerne-seed β-D-mannanase produced the same branched tri-, tetra- and hepta-saccharides, and also penta- and hexa-saccharides that were characterised as 6
1
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannotetraose, 6
3
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannotetraose, 6
1
,6
3
-di-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannotetraose, 6
3
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannopentaose, and 6
4
-α-D-galactosyl-β-D-mannopentaose. None of the oligosaccharides contained a D-galactose stub on the terminal D-mannosyl group nor were they substituted on the second D-mannosyl residue from the reducing terminal.





Action patterns and substrate-binding requirements of β-D-mannanase with mannosaccharides and mannan-type polysaccharides.

McCleary, B. V. & Matheson, N. K. (1983).
Carbohydrate Research
, 119, 191-219.


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Purified (1→4)-β-D-mannanase from
Aspergillus niger
and lucerne seeds has been incubated with mannosaccharides and end-reduced (1→4)-β-D-mannosaccharides and, from the products of hydrolysis, a cyclic reaction-sequence has been proposed. From the heterosaccharides released by hydrolysis of the hot-water-soluble fraction of carob galactomannan by
A. niger
β-D-mannanase, a pattern of binding between the β-D-mannan chain and the enzyme has been deduced. The products of hydrolysis with the β-D-mannanases from
Irpex lacteus
,
Helix pomatia
,
Bacillus subtilis
, and lucerne and guar seeds have also been determined, and the differences from the action of
A. niger
β-D-mannanase related to minor differences in substrate binding. The products of hydrolysis of glucomannan are consistent with those expected from the binding pattern proposed from the hydrolysis of galactomannan.





The fine structures of carob and guar galactomannans.

McCleary, B. V., Clark, A. H., Dea, I. C. M. & Rees, D. A. (1985).
Carbohydrate Research
, 139, 237-260.


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The distribution of D-galactosyl groups along the D-mannan backbone (fine structure) of carob and guar galactomannans has been studied by a computer analysis of the amounts and structures of oligosaccharides released on hydrolysis of the polymers with two highly purified β-D-mannanases isolated from germinated guar seed and from
Aspergillus niger
cultures. Computer programmes were developed which accounted for the specific subsite-binding requirements of the β-D-mannanases and which simulated the synthesis of galactomannan by processes in which the D-galactosyl groups were transferred to the growing D-mannan chain in either a statistically random manner or as influenced by nearest-neighbour/second-nearest-neighbour substitution. Such a model was chosen as it is consistent with the known pattern of synthesis of similar polysaccharides, for example, xyloglucan; also, addition to a preformed mannan chain would be unlikely, due to the insoluble nature of such polymers. The D-galactose distribution in carob galactomannan and in the hot- and cold-water-soluble fractions of carob galactomannan has been shown to be non-regular, with a high proportion of substituted couplets, lesser amounts of triplets, and an absence of blocks of substitution. The prob
ABI
lity of sequences in which alternate D-mannosyl residues are substituted is low. The prob
ABI
lity distribution of block sizes for unsubstituted D-mannosyl residues indicates that there is a higher proportion of blocks of intermediate size than would be present in a galactomannan with a statistically random D-galactose distribution. Based on the almost identical patterns of amounts of oligosaccharides produced on hydrolysis with β-D-mannanase, it appears that galactomannans from seed of a wide range of carob varities have the same fine-structure. The D-galactose distribution in guar-seed galactomannan also appears to be non-regular, and galactomannans from different guar-seed varieties appear to have the same fine-structure.





Effect of galactose-substitution-patterns on the interaction properties of galactomannas.

Dea, I. C. M., Clark, A. H. & McCleary, B. V. (1986).
Carbohydrate Research
, 147(2), 275-294.


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A range of galactomannans varying widely in the contents of D-galactose have been compared for self-association and their interaction properties with agarose and xanthan. Whereas, in general, the most interactive galactomannans are those in which the (1→4)-β-D-mannan chain is least substituted by α-D-galactosyl stubs, evidence is presented which indicates that the distribution of D-galactosyl groups along the backbone (fine structure) can have a significant effect on the interaction properties. For galactomannans containing <30% of="" d-galactose,="" those="" which="" contain="" a="" higher="" frequency="" of="" unsubstituted="" blocks="" of="" intermediate="" length="" in="" the="" β-d-mannan="" chain="" are="" most="" interactive.="" for="" galactomannans="" containing="">40% of D-galactose, those which contain a higher frequency of exactly alternating regions in the β-D-mannan chain are most interactive. This selectivity, on the basis of galactomannan fine-structure, in mixed polysaccharide interactions
in vitro
could mimic the selectivity of binding of branched plant-cell-wall polysaccharides in
BIOLOG
ical systems. 30%>





Effect of the molecular fine structure of galactomannans on their interaction properties - the role of unsubstituted sides.

Dea, I. C. M., Clark, A. H. & McCleary, B. V. (1986).
Food Hydrocolloids
, 1(2), 129-140.


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A range of galactomannans varying widely in the content of D-galactose have been compared for self-association, and their interaction properties with agarose and xanthan. The results presented indicate that in general the most interactive galactomannans are those in which the D-mannan main chain bears fewest D-galactose stubs, and confirm that the distribution of D-galactose groups along the main chain can have a significant effect on the interactive properties of the galactomannans. It has been shown that freeze — thaw precipitation of galactomannans requires regions of totally unsubstituted D-mannose residues along the main chain, and that a threshold for significant freeze — thaw precipitation occurs at a weight-average length of totally unsubstituted residues of approximately six. For galactomannans having structures above this threshold their interactive properties with other polysaccharides are controlled by structural features associated with totally unsubstituted regions of the D-mannan backbone. In contrast, for galactomannans below this threshold, their interactive properties are controlled by structural features associated with unsubstituted sides of D-mannan backbone.





Galactomannan changes in developing
Gleditsia Triacanthos Seeds
.

McCleary, B. V., Mallett, I. & Matheson, N. K. (1987).
Phytochemistry
, 26(7), 1889-1894.


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Read Abstract

Galactomannan has been extracted from the endosperm of seeds of
Gleditsia triacanthos
(honey locust) at different stages of development, when the seed was accumulating storage material. Properties of the different samples have been studied. The molecular size distribution became more disperse as galactomannan accumulated and the galactose: mannose ratio decreased slightly. Some poss
IBL
e reasons for these changes are discussed.





Relationship of grain fructan content to degree of polymerisation in different barleys.

Nemeth, C., Andersson, A. A. M., Andersson, R., Mangelsen, E., Sun, C. & ?man, P. (2014).
Food and Nutrition Sciences
, 5, 581-589.


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Fructans are important in the survival of plants and also valuable for humans as potentially health promoting food ingredients. In this study fructan content and composition were determined in grains of 20 barley breeding lines and cultivars with a wide variation in chemical composition, morphology and country of origin, grown at one site in Chile. There was significant genotypic variation in grain fructan content ranging from 0.9% to 4.2% of grain dry weight. Fructan degree of polymerisation (DP) was analysed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Changes in the distribution of different chain lengths and the pattern of structures of fructan were detected with increasing amount of fructan in the different barleys. A positive correlation was found between fructan content and the relative amount of long chain fructan (DP > 9) (r = 0.54, p = 0.021). Our results provide a basis for selecting promising barley lines and cultivars for further research on fructan in barley breeding with the aim to produce healthy food products.





Genotypic variation in wheat grain fructan content revealed by a simplified HPLC method.

Huynh, B. L., Palmer, L., Mather, D. E., Wallwork, H., Graham, R. D., Welch, R. M. & Stangoulis, J. C. R. (2008).
Journal of Cereal Science
, 48(2), 369-378.


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Read Abstract

Fructans are prebiotics, with potentially beneficial effects on human health. This study aimed to examine genetic variation in wheat grain fructan content using a simplified analytical method. The method involves extracting fructans from wheat grain followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to break down fructans into monosaccharides that can then be quantitatively measured by anion-exchange liquid chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection. The modified procedure is reliable and allows the handling of large numbers of flour samples at a low cost, and could therefore be useful for assessing large numbers of wheat breeding lines. Using this method, grain samples taken from 19 bread wheat cultivars and breeding lines grown in both glasshouse and the field were analysed for grain fructan content. In addition, grain samples of 29 international wheat landraces and 14 new wheat breeding lines from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) were surveyed for their fructan contents. There was significant genotypic variation among these materials, with grain fructan content ranging from 0.7 to 2.9% of grain dry weight. There was no evidence of strong genotype-by-environment interaction; the fructan contents of field-grown grain samples were positively correlated (
r
= 0.83) with those of glasshouse-grown samples of the same cultivars. It should therefore be poss
IBL
e to investigate the genetic control of variation for this trait using the simplified HPLC method and to select effectively for increased grain fructan content in wheat breeding.





Method for the direct determination of available carbohydrates in low-carbohydrate products using high-performance anion exchange chromatography.

Ellingson, D., Potts, B., Anderson, P., Burkhardt, G., Ellefson, W., Sullivan, D., Jacobs, W. & Ragan, R. (2010).
Journal of AOAC International
, 93(6), 1897-1904.


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Read Abstract

An improved method for direct determination of available carbohydrates in low-level products has been developed and validated for a low-carbohydrate soy infant formula. The method involves modification of an existing direct determination method to improve specificity, accuracy, detection levels, and run times through a more extensive enzymatic digestion to capture all available (or potentially available) carbohydrates. The digestion hydrolyzes all common sugars, starch, and starch derivatives down to their monosaccharide components, glucose, fructose, and galactose, which are then quantitated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with photodiode array detection. Method validation consisted of specificity testing and 10 days of analyzing various spike levels of mixed sugars, maltodextrin, and corn starch. The overall RSD was 4.0 across all sample types, which contained within-day and day-to-day components of 3.6 and 3.4, respectively. Overall average recovery was 99.4 (
n
= 10). Average recovery for individual spiked samples ranged from 94.1 to 106 (
n
= 10). It is expected that the method could be applied to a variety of low-carbohydrate foods and beverages.





Characterisation of dietary fibre components in rye products.

Rakha, A., ?man, P. & Andersson, R. (2010).
Food Chemistry
, 119(3), 859-867.


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In this study, dietary fibre (DF) was characterised in rye products from a local supermarket. Soft breads generally had lower DF contents (8–18%) than had crisp breads (13–20%) due to high inclusion of wheat flour. For some products, the labelled DF values contained fructan, but others did not. However, for most products, the DF values analysed exceeded those declared. Ar
ABI
noxylan (AX) and fructan were generally the main DF components in the products, followed by cellulose and resistant starch, β-glucan, Klason lignin and ar
ABI
nogalactan. In the soft breads, cellulose and resistant starch concentrations were relatively high, due to significant formation of resistant starch. During bread manufacturing, the molecular weight of β-glucan was highly degraded, while that of AX was more resistant. Extruded products had the highest β-glucan extract
ABI
lity and the extracted β-glucan retained its molecular weight most, which may be of nutritional significance. In rye milling fractions, about 50% of the fructan content analysed had a degree of polymerisation below 10, i.e. it comprised oligosaccharides. The crisp breads produced without yeast had the highest DF and fructan contents and the highest proportion of low-molecular weight fructan. These results indicate that, during bread-making, the low-molecular weight fraction of fructan was most available for degradation by yeast or by endogenous enzymes present in the ingredients.





Waxy endosperm accompanies increased fat and saccharide contents in bread wheat (
Triticum aestivum
) grain.

Yasui, T. & Ashida, K. (2011).
Journal of cereal science
, 53(1), 104-111.


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The contents of fat, starch, pentosan, fructan, β-glucan and several mono- and oligosaccharides in grain were evaluated to find out the poss
IBL
e effects of the
Wx-D1
gene of bread wheat using two sets of near-isogenic waxy and non-waxy lines and two low-amylose mutant lines with a common genetic background of Kanto 107. These materials have two non-functional
Wx-A1b
and
Wx-B1b
alleles in common. Waxy near-isogenic lines with a non-functional
Wx-D1d
allele showed consistently increased contents of fat, total fructan, β-glucan, glucose, fructose, sucrose, 1-kestose, 6-kestose, neokestose, nystose and bifurcose compared with non-waxy lines with a functional
Wx-D1a
allele throughout three growing/harvest seasons. Starch and total pentosan contents were inconsistently influenced by the allelic status of the
Wx-D1
locus, while water-soluble pentosan and raffinose contents were not affected. The compositional changes of a low-amylose mutant line with an almost non-functional
Wx-D1f
allele were closely similar to those of waxy near-isogenic lines, while significantly different changes were barely observed in another low-amylose mutant line with a partly functional
Wx-D1g
allele in two seasons. These results showed that the
Wx-D1
gene has pleiotropic effects on the fat and saccharide contents of bread wheat grain.





Differences in freeze tolerance of zoysiagrasses: II. Carbohydrate and proline accumulation.

Patton, A. J., Cunningham, S. M., Volenec, J. J. & Reicher, Z. J. (2007).
Crop Science
, 47(5), 2170-2181.


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Cold hardiness among zoysiagrass (
Zoysia
spp.) genotypes varies, but the physiological basis for cold hardiness is not completely understood. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of carbohydrate (starch, total soluble sugars, total reducing sugars, sucrose, glucose, and raffinose family oligosaccharides) and proline concentrations with the cold acclimation of zoysiagrass and the lethal temperature killing 50% of the plants (LT
50
). Thirteen genotypes of zoysiagrass were selected with contrasting levels of winter hardiness. Plants were grown for 4 wk of 8/2°C day/night cycles and a 10-h photoperiod of 300 ?mol m
-2
s
-1
to induce cold acclimation. Rhizomes and stolons were sampled from nonacclimated and cold-acclimated plants and used for carbohydrate and proline analysis. Concentrations of soluble sugars and proline increased during cold acclimation, while starch concentrations decreased. Starch, sugar/starch ratio, glucose, total reducing sugars, and proline in cold-acclimated plants were correlated (
r
= 0.61, ?0.67, ?0.73, ?0.62, and ?0.62, respectively) with LT
50
. These correlations indicate that higher concentrations of total reducing sugars, glucose, and proline are positively associated with zoysiagrass freeze tolerance, whereas higher concentrations of starch appeared detrimental to freeze tolerance.





Chain length of inulin affects its degradation and the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of weaned piglets after a short-term dietary application.

Pa?lack, N., Al-Samman, M., Vahjen, W., M?nner, K. & Zentek, J. (2012).
Livestock Science
, 149(1-2), 128-136.


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Dietary inulin can affect the composition and metabolic activity of the gastrointestinal microbiota in piglets. To investigate whether the chain length of inulin may influence its st
ABI
lity in the gut and the bacterial community, 18 weaned piglets were housed 2 per cage, with 1 female and 1 castrated male animal each. The piglets received a control diet without or with 4% inulin, defined by an average degree of polymerisation (DP) of 31 (short-chain, I31) or 57 (long-chain, I57), with 6 piglets/diet. After a short feeding period of 6 d, fructan concentrations, selected bacterial groups, lactic acid, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and the pH were determined in the digesta of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The results indicated that differences in the microbial degradation of inulin were depending on the DP. Compared to the short-chain inulin, the concentrations of the long-chain inulin were numerically greater in the small intestine and caecum, and greater in the digesta of the ascending colon. Differences were also observed in the bacterial composition of the digesta, showing greater cell numbers of
enterococci
(
P
=0.029), bifidobacteria (
P
=0.029), and
Lactobacillus mucosae
(
P
=0.028) in the ileum in group I57 compared to group I31. However, most bacteria tended to be numerically reduced in the ileum in group I31 compared to both control and I57 groups. Minor effects were observed in the ascending colon:
L. reuteri
and
L. amylovorus
were decreased in group I57 compared to the control group (
P
=0.031 and 0.034, respectively), and
L. mucosae
was decreased in group I31 compared to the control animals (
P
=0.029). The concentrations of bacterial metabolites were distinctively changed in the large intestine of the piglets fed inulin. The pH was lower in the rectum contents in group I57 compared to the control piglets (
P
=0.026), but lactic acid and total short-chain fatty acid concentrations were not affected. The molar ratios of propionic acid increased in the caecal contents (
P
=0.040) and in both, the ascending and descending colonic digesta (
P
=0.017 and 0.013, respectively) in group I57 compared to the control group, while acetic acid decreased (
P
<0.001) and="" n-valeric="" acid="" increased="">0.001)>
P
<0.001 and="">0.001>
P
=0.011, respectively) in the digesta of the ascending and descending colon in group I57. In conclusion, the microbial degradation of inulin was dependent on its chain length. Long-chain inulin affected the microbial fermentation more pronounced compared to short-chain inulin. The effects were already observed after 6 d, a relatively short application period, indicating that inulin may be used specifically during the sensitive post-weaning period for piglets.





A simple and accurate method for determining wheat grain fructan content and average degree of polymerization.

Verspreet, J., Pollet, A., Cuyvers, S., Vergauwen, R., Van den Ende, W., Delcour, J. A. & Courtin, C. M. (2012).
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
, 60(9), 2102-2107.


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An improved method for the measurement of fructans in wheat grains is presented. A mild acid treatment is used for fructan hydrolysis, followed by analysis of the released glucose and fructose with high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Not only the amount of fructose set free from fructans but also the released glucose can be quantified accurately, allowing determination of the average degree of polymerization of fructans (DP
av
). Application of the mild acid treatment to different grain samples demonstrated that a correction should be made for the presence of sucrose and raffinose, but not for stachyose or higher raffinose oligosaccharides. The fructan content and DP
av
of spelt flour, wheat flour, and whole wheat flour were 0.6%, 1.2%, and 1.8% of the total weight and 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Validation experiments demonstrate that the proposed quantification method is accurate and repeatable and that also the DP
av
determination is precise.





How does the preparation of rye porridge affect molecular weight distribution of extractable dietary fibers?

Rakha, A., ?man, P. & Andersson, R. (2011).
International journal of molecular sciences
, 12(5), 3381-3393.


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Extractable dietary fiber (DF) plays an important role in nutrition. This study on porridge making with whole grain rye investigated the effect of rest time of flour slurries at room temperature before cooking and amount of flour and salt in the recipe on the content of DF components and molecular weight distribution of extractable fructan, mixed linkage (1→3)(1→4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan) and ar
ABI
noxylan (AX) in the porridge. The content of total DF was increased (from about 20% to 23% of dry matter) during porridge making due to formation of insoluble resistant starch. A small but significant increase in the extract
ABI
lity of β-glucan (
P
= 0.016) and AX (
P
= 0.002) due to rest time was also noted. The molecular weight of extractable fructan and AX remained stable during porridge making. However, incubation of the rye flour slurries at increased temperature resulted in a significant decrease in extractable AX molecular weight. The molecular weight of extractable β-glucan decreased greatly during a rest time before cooking, most likely by the action of endogenous enzymes. The amount of salt and flour used in the recipe had small but significant effects on the molecular weight of β-glucan. These results show that whole grain rye porridge made without a rest time before cooking contains extractable DF components maintaining high molecular weights. High molecular weight is most likely of nutritional importance.









DESCRIPTION

α-Galactosidase

(
Aspergillus niger
)?

EC?
3.2.1.22
CAZy Family:
GH36
CAS:?
9025-35-8

Synonyms:
alpha-galactosidase; alpha-D-galactoside galactohydrolase

Form:
In 3.2 M ammonium sulphate.

St
ABI
lity
:
?
> 4 years at 4
o
C.

Specific activity
:
~ 600 U/mg (40
o
C, pH 4.5?on?
p
-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside).

Unit definition:
One Unit of activity is the amount of enzyme required to release one ?mole of
p
-nitrophenol (
p
NP) per minute from
p
-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside per min at pH 4.5 and 40
o
C.

Specificity:
Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing α-D-galactose residues in α-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactolipids.

Applications:
Applications in carbohydrate and glyco
BIOLOG
y research.